tests/phpunit.md - Document multiple helper classes. Provide specific examples of writing tests.

This is a significant revision of the PHPUnit documentation. This specifically:

* Adds concrete examples of writing tests in various styles (`CiviUnitTestCase`, `CiviEndToEndTestCase`, `civix`)
* Adds reference documentation for classes/traits/interfaces provided by Civi's test library
* Imports key information from Testapalooza docs (#389)